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Steven Seidel Psych 11- Exam 3 Chapter 2 Fact- an objective statement usually based on direct observation. Theory- an idea designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that might be discovered. Hypothesis- prediction of new facts Lessons about scientific research (Horse ex.): 1. The value of skepticism 2. The value of careful observations under controlled conditions 3. The problem of observer-expectancy effects Types of Research strategies: Research Design (experiments, correlation studies, descriptive studies) Setting (field and laboratory) Data-collection method (self-report and observation) Experiments- researcher systematically manipulates one or more independent variables and looks for changes in dependent variables (keep variables constant) Within-subject: different conditions of the IV are applied to each subject Between-groups: conditions applied across different groups of subjects (i.e. drug therapy vs. psychotherapy). Correlational Study- researcher does not manipulate any variable but observes 2 or more to find relationships between them (i.e. questionnaire and home observations about parental care)- Cause and effect can’t be determined. Descriptive Study- describe behavior w/o systematically investigating relationships between variables (observing ape behavior or percentage of community w/ mental disorders) Self-Report Methods- rate their own behavior (questionnaire, interview) --> contrasts observational methods (tests or natural observation) Descriptive Statistics- summarize a set of data (mean, median, mode, variability, standard deviation--- correlation coefficient (want it close to 1 but can be called strong or moderate correlations) Inferential Statistics- deals with p-values (Statistically significant = p < .05, which means that the probability is small that the results occurred by chance alone. –determined by size of effect, # of individual subjects, variability of data within each group. Error- random variability in results Bias- nonrandom effects caused by some factor extraneous to research hypothesis (not corrected by averaging). – avoid biased samples Reliable- measure yields similar results each time it is used. Valid- measurement measures or predicts what it is intended to measure or predict (face validity vs. criterion validtiy) Observer-Expectancy Effects- should keep the observers and subjects blind (doubleblind experiment) Ex. Placebo- inactive substance that looks like the drug but subjects and observers aren’t told who gets which treatment. Ethical Issues: 1. Person’s right to privacy 2. Possibility of discomfort or harm 3. Use of deception Chapter 10 Intelligence- the variable capacity that underlies individual differences in reasoning, solving problems, and acquiring knowledge Galton- sensory acuity determines intelligence Binet- intelligence is nurtured (modern tests based on his- WISC (Wechsler intelligence scale for children- verbal and performance subtests) IQ- intelligence quotient (avg. =100) General Intelligence (g): underlying ability that contributes to a person’s performance on all mental tests. Spearman- determined by g and also specific ability unique to each test. Cattell- general intelligence is two factors: 1. Fluid Intelligence- ability to perceive relationships among stimuli independent of previous practice or instruction concerning those relationships (Good test = Raven’s test)- ability peaks around 20-25 and declines after that 2. Crystallized Intelligence- mental ability derived directly from previous experience- ability increases until about 50 or later (vocabulary). Working Memory- memory enters from environment and from one’s long-term memory storage- only can hold limited amount of information. Correlation between mental speed and working-memory capacity Central Executive as explanation or mental speed Nature-nurture debate Heritability- degree to which variation in a particular trait stems from genetic differences among individuals as opposed to environmental differences Environmentality- proportion of the total variance of a trait that results from environmental variation. 

Document Info

Posted By:

Steven Seidel

Date:

Friday, April 25, 2008

School:

Duke University

Class:

Psychology 11

Tags:

• Unit3
• Psychology

About this Document

Weinfurt Psych 11 Exam 3 Review