JoyNotes

STONE AGE (35,000 - 1500 B.C.) Monuments: Paleolithic: Cave paintings, Lascaux, France • Discovered in 1940 • Paintings regarded as most outstanding • Hunters attributed magical properties to the paintings. • Added onto generation after generation Neolithic: Stonehenge, England • Trilithons • Ritual and geometric purposes Terms: • Cro-Magnon • megaliths/megalithic – a large block of stone or boulder of irregular shape, only very roughly dressed or left as found/built of huge, irregular stones • dolmen – a prehistoric tomb made of large upright stones, capped with a horizontal stone, and originally buried under an earth mound. • post and lintel – a construction system using vertical supports (post) spanned by horizontal beams (lintels) • passage grave – a prehistoric burial chamber covered by an earth-and-pebble cairn, entered through a long slab-lined passageway. • corbeled arch – an arch constructed by progressive cantilevering or corbelling from two sides with horizontal joints. • menhir – a prehistoric monument in the form of a single, large, upright stone. • cromlech – a prehistoric circular enclosure made of huge stones • trilithon – a prehistoric monument consisting of a horizontal megalith resting on two upright ones, as at Stonehenge ANCIENT NEAR EAST Neolithic (6000 - 3500 B.C.) Monuments: Jericho • plateau in Jordan river valley • mud brick foundation & homes • found the need for permanent stone foundations for protections • 30 ft. x 30 ft. stone tower built into wall for defense Çatal Höyük, Turkey • Agriculture replaces hunting • Important trading center ○ Obsidian trade • Prosperous and well-ordered society • No streets houses are connected. move across roof to get around town ○ More stable? ○ Provide defense? • Interior courtyards functioned as garbage dumps • Mud brick & timber frames Mesopotamian (3000 - 538 B.C.) Monuments: Sumerian: White Temple, Warka (ancient Uruk) • Raised 40 ft. above city • Built on top of older temples • Sloping sides of paneled brick work Ziggurat at Ur • Assyrian: Citadel of Sargon II, Khorsabad • 25 acres • Over 200 courtyards & rooms • Ziggurat is no longer the central focus • Meant to overwhelm visitor ○ Show them their own insignificance Terms: • Ziggurat – a Mesopotamian temple-tower in the form of a stepped pyramid. PERSIAN EMPIRE (538 - 331 B.C.) Monuments: Palace complex at Persepolis • Darius I • Sirius the Great • Xerxes Bull capital • Terms: • Apadana – a columned audience hall in ancient Persian palaces. EGYPT Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom (c. 3000 - 2155 B.C.) Monuments: IMHOTEP, Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara • Protect mummified king and possessions • Symbolize king’s god-like power Pyramid complex, Gizeh (Menkaure, Khafre, Khufu) 1. Pyramid – tomb. Burial chamber located within 2. Chapel attached on east of pyramid 3. Long covered causeway – leads to cliffs of valley at Nile 4. Valley Temple located on river banks • Oldest pyramid  Khufu, 480 feet tall • The Great Sphinx ○ Lion body with human head  Khafre? Terms: • Necropolis – a “city of the dead”; a large, ancient burial ground. • Mastaba – an ancient Egyptian flat-topped, rectangular tomb with sloping sides. • ben-ben New Kingdom (1570 - 1070 B.C.) Monuments: Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri • Temple of Amen-Mut-Khonsu, Luxor • Pillars/columns mimic plant forms found along Nile. Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak • Terms: • pylon temple – in Ancient Egyptian architecture, the rectangular, truncated, pyramidal towers flanking the gateway of a temple. • hypostyle hall – a room with a roof supported by many columns, usually in rows. • Clerestory – the elevated range of windows in a wall that rises above adjacent roofs. AEGEAN (c. 3000 - c. 1100 B.C.) Monuments: Mycenaean: Lion Gate, Boghazköy, Turkey • Animals guard entrance ○ Intimidation Citadel at Tiryns, Greece • Cyclopean masonry ○ Big stones • Corbelled vault Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece • Example of a beehive tomb Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece Minoan: Palace at Knossos (Crete) • Terms: • Megaron – the principal hall of an Anatolian, Cretan, or Mycenaenpalace of house. It is rectangular in plan, with a circular central hearth and a front parth formed by the prolongation f the side walls. • beehive tomb – a primitive structure, circular in plan and built of rough stones set in projecting courses to form a dome. Ex: Treasury of Atreus • dromos – a long, high-walled entrance to a Mycenean tomb • tholos – a round, corbel-vaulted Mycenean tomb • labyrinth – an intricate, tortuous and intentionally confusing network or maze of pathways, usually walled or hedged, through which it is difficult to find the way out without a clue. GREECE Archaic (c. 700 - 480 B.C.) Monuments and terms: Naos – an enclosed chamber Peripteral – style of building in which the main structure is surrounded by a colonnade Doric and Ionic orders Entasis – the slight convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle Classical (480 - 323 B.C.) Monuments: Plan of residential blocks, Olynthus • grid pattern planned housing ○ 10 houses in one block • Hippodamus – architect behind planning Theater, Epidaurus, Greece • The Acropolis, Athens • Originally a Mycenean citadel (fortress) • Bright colors against a Mediterranean sky • Athena was the patron goddess of Athens ○ Protected Athens MNESIKLES, the Propylaea, Acropolis, Athens • Gateway to the Acropolis • Doric design subtly altered to better fit use as entryway Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens • IKTINOS and KALLIKRATES, the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens (sculptural program by PHIDIAS) • 1:2 proportions • Scene of Athena’s fight with Poseidon for territory Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens • Ionic styling • Balances Parthenon ○ Ionic vs Doric ○ Small, Complicated vs. Large, Monumental • Built on uneven land ○ Multiple levels • Asymmetry • Stood on very holy site ○ Contest of Poseidon & Athena for Athens  Rock with mark of Poseidon’s trident ○ Athena’s olive tree Terms: • polis – a city • acropolis – the upper town or elevated stronghold of an ancient Greek city, containing the chief temples. • Hippodamian plan • Agora – the open meeting place or market place in an ancient Greek city. • Stoa – an ancient Greek, long, roof portico with columns along the front and a wall at the back. • Orchestra – in an ancient Greek or Roman theater, the circular or semicircular space before the front row of seats. • Proscenium – the stage of an ancient Greek or Roman theater • Skene • Parados – in an ancient Greek or Roman theater, one of a pair of side entrances between the seats and the stage. • Caryatids – sculptured, draped female figures used as pillars. Hellenistic (323 - 30 B.C.) Monuments: Corinthian capital • Architect = Polykleitos • 2 rows of vegetation • Emotional setting • Only differs from ionic in its capital otherwise identical Temple of Apollo, Didyma (the Didymaion), Turkey • Architects = Paionios of Ephesos & Daphnis of Miletos • Citeizens went to hear prophecies of Apollo • Ionic  double row of columsn • 7 flights of steps to colonnade • 13 steps below = naos • 167 ft. x 304 ft. • Open to sky – naos • Pronaos – room in front of naos. deep and shaded  oracles delivered • Entered naos through 2 lateral, barrel vaulted tunnels • Inner court planted with bay trees • Small shrine in back • 50’ wide staircase leads to 3 portals oracular room Bouleuterion, Miletus • Hellenistic house • Enclosed  single door • Not open to street • Rooms located off central courtyard • Wealthier = more courts Acropolis, Pergamon • Accommodated to mountainous site • Acropolis located ~800 ft. above city Altar of Zeus and Athena, Pergamon • Ionic • Great Frieze along lower side battle of the gods vs. giants Terms: Bouleuterion – in ancient Greece, an assembly hall or council ETRUSCAN (c. 700 - c. 510 B.C.) Monuments: Etruscan temple • Terms: • Podium – a raised platform or base • Cellae – the main room in a Classical temple, housing the cult statue ROMAN Republican (c.510 - 27 BC) Monuments: Pont du Gard, near Nemausus (Nimes, France) • Southern France • Spread of Roman civilization • Supply water to town  aqueduct • 3-tier structure Pompeii (Forum, House of Pansa) • 20,000 people • Founded 6th century BC • Main roads don’t intersect at right angles • Conquered by Rome in 80 BC • Oldest known amphitheater • Oldest known public baths Maison Carrée, Nimes • Corinthian columns • Naos = cella • Stands on high podium • Cella occupies entire width Columns on exterior wall are “engaged” only for style, no weight bearing function Samctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste (Palestrina, Italy) • 7 terraces rising up hillside • Single axis • Terms: • Castrum – an ancient Roman walled military camp with a gridded rectangular layout. • cardo – the main north-south street in an ancient Roman orthogonal city grid. • Decumanus – the main east-west street in an ancient Roman orthogonal city grid. • Forum– a public civic and commercial square in ancient Rome. It was usually surrounded by a colonnade and included a basilica and temple. • Arch – a curved structure, usually made of wedge-shaped stones, which spans an opening. • Vault – an arched ceiling or roof. • Dome – a convex roof of even curvature on a circular or polygonal base. • barrel (tunnel) vault – a continuous, semicircular vault that extends in a straight line. • cross (groin) vault – formed by the right-angle intersection of two barrel vaults of the same shape. • Thrust – outward or lateral stress on a structure. • Aqueducts – an artificial channel for water, sometimes underground, but often elevated on arches. • Insulae – ancient Roman apartment blocks. • Atrium – the main inner hall of a Roman house, with an open roof and a central basin to catch rainwater. • Compluvium • Impluvium • Alae • Tablinum – in an ancient Romanhouse, a room with one side open to the central courtyard or atrium • Peristyle – a roofed, columned porth or colonnade surrounding a building or courtyard. • Basilica – in ancient Roman architecture, a large meeting hall, often oblong in plan, with a high central space lit by clerestory windows. Imperial (27 BC - c.500 AD) Monuments: The Colosseum, Rome • Largest amphitheater in Roman world • Built for battles  gladiators vs. animals • Seats for 50,000+ spectators • Arches for entrance/exit numbered • Concrete structure • 3 stories tall combination of Roman arches and 3 Greek column orders (Doric IonicCorinthian) ○ Engaged columns • Built by Flavian emperors SEVERUS, the Octagonal Hall, the Domus Aurea of Nero, Rome • The Pantheon, Rome • Built under reign of Hadrian • Myth = Hadrian was architect of building • Originally set on colonnaded court • Corinthian style • Surprising interior domed rotunda • Circular interior, covered by hemispheric dome ○ 144 ft. in diameter ○ 144 ft. from floor to top  sphere • Aperture (oculus) in top of dome allows light to enter • Alternating curved and rectangular niches • Walls covered with marble facing • Dome coffered [functional element] • Thick walls to support weight  20 ft. thick ○ Made of brick & concrete • Relieving arches to channel weight around niche • Uninterrupted by supporting solids ○ “nothing hidden from you” Terms: • Amphitheater – a round, semicircular, or oval outdoor arena surrounded by rising tiers of seats. • Arena • ashlar masonry – consists of smooth squared stones laid with mortar in horizontal courses. • Oculus – a round window, often in a roof. • Coffered – a sunken square or polygonal decorative panel in a ceiling or within an arch. INDIA (322 BC - 320 AD) Monuments: The chaitya hall at Karli, India • Aisle formed by massive columns • Columns crowned with male & female riders on elephants • Single window to illuminate stupa • Roof takes shape of great barrel vault The Great Stupa, Sanchi, India • Gateways marking 4 cardinal points of compass Terms: • Chaitya – an Indian Buddhist cave temple or shrine carved out of a hillside, aisled, and often richly decorated with sculpture. • Viharas – Indian Buddhist monasteries • Stupa – a Buddhist memorial mound that enshrines relics or marks a sacred site. • Harmika • Yasti • Chatras • toranas NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN Monuments: Serpent Mound, Adams County, Ohio • spiritual purposes visually impressive setting for religious activities • ¼ mile long MESO-AMERICA Monuments: Olmec: La Venta, Mexico • Teotihuacán: Temple of Quetzalcóatl, Teotihuacán, Mexico • Relief sculpture on outside 

Document Info

Posted By:

Marc Budofsky

Date:

Monday, December 31, 2007

School:

SUNY Binghamton

Class:

ARTH 103

Tags:

• architecture
• history
• art
• study guide
• review sheet

About this Document

This study guide is for SUNY Binghamton's ARTH 103: Introduction to Architecture class.